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Depending on the location of a stone in the kidney, it may not cause any problems. Although painful, some kidney stones are small enough to pass without medical intervention. But if one or more kidney stones are too large to pass and are high in the urethra near the kidney, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy may be considered.

Dr. Jed Kaminetsky is an assistant professor of clinical urology at the New York University School of Medicine and associate medical director at Gramercy Surgery Center in New York. In a press release on December 7, Kaminetsky gives a simple explanation of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. He said that the procedure carries between 60 and 120 bursts of high-energy shock waves applied to areas where kidney stones are located.

The shocks vibrate stones surrounding the kidney stones, which causes a break into small pieces small enough to pass through the bladder and in the system. This procedure has quickly become the gold standard in the treatment of the majority of kidney stones cases that require intervention.

Compile and re-written based on article by Associated Content

Commenting on the problems of incontinence among women, Al Said, said: “It is perhaps more common in women because of factors such as multiple pregnancies and deliveries. It can occur in humans after major surgery, because of old age or enlarged prostate. ”

The urinary infections can also be caused by kidney stones that become infecetd. “Kidney stones can be caused by the weather, among other things, but nobody really knows the cause,” he said. Al Said said yesterday at The Peninsula on the sidelines of the 4th Pan Arab Continence Society Congress (PACS), which concludes today at the Marriott Hotel.

The doctor said there are a thousand ways to diagnose and treat the problem of incontinence. “Medical treatment and physiotherapy are the most common methods in surgery absolutely ultimate measure,” said Al Said. Physiotherapy is used to build up the area allowing baldder pelvic muscle control.

Commenting on the treatments available for HGH, Al Said said: “Today we are dealing with drug use. If that does not work, we use physiotherapy. At the hospital, we have special chairs with electromagnetic wire, which are used in therapy sessions to build And bladder control pelvic floor muscles, “he said.

There is a balance between the different types of treatments used to combat incontinence. The figures show in 40 to 50 percent of cases, medical treatment is used, the percentage is roughly the same for physiotherapy and surgery is required in about 10 percent of cases.

Compile and re-written based on article by The Peninsula

“More and more children with kidney stones came to us”, said kidney specialist Dr. Alicia Neu, co-director of the kidney stones clinic at the Children’s Centre,

Some of them came with various problems, Such as intense pain at their waist, frequent urination with pain, cloudy urine, blood in the urine, urinary tract infection with fever, etc. All this symptoms is closely related in developing stage of kidney stones.

“Although this is a bit of a surprise, it is not entirely surprising, there are so many other conditions for children which is caused by poor diet, such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, obesity and name a few,” she said.

Pediatrician agreed that major causes that push the number of renal calculi upward is the children probably consume too much salt and too little water. In simple solution, the best way to avoid the most common kidney stones or slow down the growth is to restrict salt diet and drink plenty of water.

Reduce sodium intake, eating no more than 240 grams of sodium or 1 teaspoon of salt each day. Also stay away from soft drinks, salty snacks, canned food and food processing in order to reduce the sodium content. Check the label and find label that claims, “Low sodium” or “No salt added”. Also aware that coffee, tea, dark chocolate, nuts, spinach and wheat bran also can triggered and increase the risk of certain types of kidney stones.

As precaution steps, children should drink at least two to litters of water a day (around 64 ounces). Loaded with sugar juice and soft drinks are not a substitute for water. Actually we can determine when children drinking enough water or not by watch their urinary habit closely. If the children needs to urinate came in every three hours it’s called normal. But if it less frequent urination it might be a sign of dehydration and increase their risk in developing of kidney stones.

Compile and re-written based on article by HealthDay News
© Healthwise

This is a study that might bring a lot of pro and contra regarding it result, which is quite different with majority of people actually thought about consuming freshly juices would decrease their chance to get kidney stones. Many major study already suggests that the type of beverage you consume may determinate your risk of forming agonizing kidney stones. There for people with kidney stones already have mindset that increasing liquid intake especially freshly juice will help them to avoid or curing their kidney stones problem, which is not absolutely correct.

Group of researcher from Harvard School of Public Health had examined the correlation between beverages intake from up to 20 different types of beverages and the pre-stage of kidney stones development. It is involving around up to 45 thousand middle-aged male respondents. The results surprisingly bring the fact that for every 8-ounce daily consumption, kidney stone risk formation increased significantly by 37% for respondent who consume grapefruit juice and 35% for respondent who consume apple juice. This result giving new supporting evidence about former idea which is trying to decrease vitamin C intake in order to decrease kidney stones developing chance, which is actually not widely accepted by many researcher and medical practicing.

Interestingly, researcher also found that kidney stones forming risk is decreased by 10% in respondent who consume coffee and followed with tea by 14%, decaffeinated coffee by 10%, wine by 39% and beer by 21%, which is might due to their diuretic characteristic. Since this research only focus in collecting sample from respondent, researcher can’t taking a quick conclusion about the result, because it could bring premature judgement and mislead. It still needs deeper research about this subject before taking a final conclusion.

Compile and re-written based on article by Environmental Nutrition
© Belvoir Media Group, LLC – © Gale Group

Large of evidence indicating that high dietary protein intake raises urinary calcium excretion. However, there have only been a few studies on the effects of reducing protein consumption and the risk of kidney stones formation. A new research out of Italy indicates that a reduction in dietary protein intake could be effective to prevent renal kidney stones formation. This study evaluated the effects of a moderate protein restriction on calcium metabolism in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and renal calculi.

This research involve eighteen volunteers with idiopathic hypercalciuria and renal calculi were prescribed an isoenergetic diet consisting of 0.8 g protein per kg of body weight per day, and 955 mg of calcium for 15 days. They were evaluated for serum and urinary measures of calcium metabolism, uric acid, oxalate, citrate, and prostaglandin E2. However, patients with conditions known to affect calcium metabolism were excluded from the study.

Along with this study, a validated dietary questionnaire was administered to all patients. The mean protein intake was 54 g per day. After this moderate protein restriction, serum urea decreased significantly, creatinine clearance showed a tendency toward reduction, which may indicate a decrease in renal mass, as did urinary calcium, uric acid, phosphate, and oxalate excretion. Venous blood pH values and urinary citrate rose significantly.

This research came up with surprising result; one of important fact is concentration of calcitriol fell significantly while parathyroid hormone levels increased significantly. Researchers inferred that calcitriol production had a primary effect on the diet, and that the increase in parathyroid gland activity was a secondary response.

At last, this research was successful to demonstrate that moderate dietary protein restriction reduces calcium excretion in patients with hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis. Therefore, controlling dietary protein intake may be an essential component in the prevention of renal kidney stones formation.

Compile and re-written based on article by Sandro Giannini, Martino Nobile, Sartori Leonardo
© Technical Insights, a divison of John Wiley & Sons – © Gale Group

NASA scientists have been recognized new self-replicating mineralising agent or Nanobacteria as a potential problem and responsible for kidney stones development among astronauts. This is become an urgent and noticeable issue for NASA, since perfect health is a major concern for astronauts, cause their task which require ability to work in extreme condition in outer space. It’s also endangered NASA future project in exploration mission to the moon and Mars and exposure other outer space elements.

Nanobacteria first discovery was jumping back to 1990s, it has been found in the calcium phosphate centres of kidney stones. This bacterium also been detected and related to some certain conditions outside kidney stones, such as cancers, heart disease, Alzheimer’s and prostatitis. To reduce kidney stones risk and helping to prevent further problem due to kidney stones formation, a test for recognize the presence of Nanobacteria should be establish. Infact it’s not just for the beneficiary of NASA astronauts but also for over 1,2 million Americans kidney stones sufferer who are being thread and troubled by this kidney stones issue each year.

Further research and study about Nanobacteria implications to kidney stones disease are being conducted. Trial and test are held in a bioreactor chamber which will simulates the exact conditions of outer space. After examine the result, NASA scientists found Nanobacteria aggressively multiply five times faster in this micro gravity environment compared to normal environment on Earth. This result just supporting earlier discoveries, that in weightless environments, microbe radically has different behavior. Further more, Nanobacteria also shown it possible factor in infectious risk among crewmembers whose spend their time in close quarters.

But yet, the concept of describing Nanobacteria as living organisms is still contentious because the research regarding this bacteria putative nucleic acid has not been completed, which is similar with lead researcher Neva Ciftcioglu statement regarding this issue. However, NASA researcher effort already establish additional clues related to kidney stones disease and pathologic calcification related diseases and build better understanding about relation between kidney stones and Nanobacteria which hopefully would trigger other research and study to support this discovery in the future.

Compile and re-written based on release from USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), June 2005
© 2005 Society for the Advancement of Education – © 2005 Gale Group

Kidney stones already counted as one of frightens disease in North America, since over than 1.2 million Americans annually get a chance to face with kidney stones disease. Kidney stone also have correlation with many kind cause of factor, infact kidney stones might have direct link to people lifestyle as it revealed that kidney stones have connection to smoking habit, daily diet, unhealthy lifestyle, etc. But it might be a surprise when kidney stones also connected to sleeping posture.

At the University of California in San Francisco, a group of researchers found that kidney stones may develop because people spend too long sleeping in one position. There for, they started a study of over 100 patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis to explore any relation might exist between sleep posture and kidney stones development. They examine a pool of questionnaire to evaluate and dig the information regarding patients sleep posture and try to expose the correlation between the sides of kidney stones development with person preference sleeping position.

As it become more interesting, base on that pool, researcher revealed that there are identical result between 92 patients who consistently slept on one side with the position of kidney stones founded which is closely as much as 76%. Other result regarding sleep posture and ipsilateral kidney stones formation were 82%, especially at right side down and right sided stones and 70% for left side down and left sided kidney stones.

This interesting result might suggested to other deep and more complicate research, since some study that only base on interview with patient cannot stand it self without further research. Although we can still use it as parameter or reference for our understanding and to known about kidney stones and it related caused better.

Compile and re-written based on release from British Medical Journal, April 28, 2001 by Deborah Josefson
© 2001 British Medical Association – © 2001 Gale Group

This is an extra bad news for people who overweight, latest research at the University of Texas-South-western Medical Centre at Dallas revealed that the more overweight people are, then the more they risking them self to get uric acid kidney stones. This is the first medical research that success to found direct link between obesity and uric acid kidney stones. Percentage of kidney stones sufferer get troubled by uric acid kidney stones are about 5 percent and about 30 percent chance of percentage for diabetic patients with kidney stones. “It is yet another price they should pay for being obese or overweight,” said Dr. Khashayar Sakhaee, program director of the university’s General Clinical Research.

Roughly, 10 percent of people in North America will get an issue with kidney stones once or multiple times in their lives. Latest research which been doing by some of researcher from University of Chicago revealed that there are almost 5,000 kidney stones sufferer spread out in Chicago and Dallas. The results did not found too many differences between male and female or among kidney stones sufferer with controlled diet. There are large percentages of people who have very acidic urine, which ironically also found in people who have control their diets. “For the first time, we are advising weight loss as part of our therapy. That connection had not been made in the past,” said Dr. Sakhaee, professor of internal medicine at the researcher university.

As those review above just doesn’t enough, in February 2004, result from one of kidney stones related research at university have been published with conclusion that uric acid kidney stones are also connected with type-2 diabetes and insulin resistance. That result also revealed that heavier people tend to have more insulin resistance. As it also connected with earlier study, Dr. Charles Y. C. Pak, senior author of the current study and professor of internal medicine said that discovering direct link between body weight and uric acid kidney stones will bring significant effect and could change past researcher hypothesis.

“In 1986 we struggled and still blurring and get no consensus regarding “gouty diathesis” and it related to uric acid kidney stones forming phases in the absence of any dissemble cause” Dr. Pak said. “We now know that one of the causes is obesity that leads to insulin resistance and diabetes. The challenge for our research team is to determine whether weight loss or sensitisation to insulin would bring about a relief of kidney stones formation.”

Compile and re-written based on medical release from Nutrition Health Review, winter 2003
© 2003 Vegetus Publications – © 2005 Gale Group

Kidney stones are waste crystallite substantial developed in the kidney. It execrates from urine and gets piled on the inner surface of kidney. By time to time these crystals slowly assemble into hard stones and commonly called kidney stones. The type of kidney stones is depending on the combination of chemicals in the stone, which can separate to several types of kidney stones. Despite of kidney stones differences between one type of kidney stones and another, the most general kidney stones type contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. The stone structure depends on the nature of urine. Calcium oxalate develops in acid urine of pH less than 6.0. Other different conditions that responsible due to formation of calcium oxalate stones are Hyperoxaluria, Hyperuricosuria, Hypercalciuria and Hypocitrauria.

Hyperoxaluria

The conditions of increasing oxalate in the urine are referred to Hyperoxaluria, as a result of oxalate over consuming. Excess oxalate, together with calcium will develop calcium oxalate stones. Excessive consuming food and drink containing oxalate like leafy green vegetables and brewed tea leads to calcium oxalate kidney stones. In the other way, excessive intake of Vitamin C may also lead to hyperoxaluria and increasing the chance to get troubled by kidney stones. Inflammatory bowel disease, bowel resection and small bowel bypass procedures may also lead to more absorption of oxalate by intestines.

Hyperuricosuria

Hyperuricosuria is referred to an increase of uric acid in urine. Uric acid stone develop in urine that has pH less than 5.5 and state as combining of calcium crystals with uric acid in forming calcium oxalate kidney stones.

Hypercalciuria

Hypercalciuria is a condition when there are increasing of calcium in the urine. When we consuming food that contains high calcium, not all calcium will absorb by our boy system, excess calcium then will excreted through urine. In calcium stones case, this excess calcium wills combines with other chemicals and develops crystals of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate in kidneys or urinary tract and starting kidney stones problem to it hosted.

Hypocitrauria

Citrate has good effect for preventing formation of calcium stone. Average levels of citrate combine with calcium will form a soluble salt. This calcium citrate composite inhibits the development of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals. Therefore, low levels of urinary citrate of hypocitrauria increase the chance of developing kidney stones.

Compile and re-written based on an article by Seth Miller